Project
Start Date:
January 18, 2021
End date:
May 01, 2021

Purdue Senior Capstone

Goal was to find a way to further develop memories that are meaningful to oneself using the digital media captured on one’s phone.
I focused on creating a solution that facilitates storytelling via a more tangible and collaborative method using Apple Memories.

Documentation

Live Presentation

This YouTube video has audio.

Section Overview

Project Overview

Over time, we accumulate a vast majority of memories that are then stored in a digital environment. Ordinarily, these memories are shared with individuals one is close to or with someone that has some connection to them. Being reminded of these experiences provides a nostalgic effect that allows for one to reflect back on that time. 

The prevalence of sharing experiences can be seen throughout most of social media. One is able to post pictures on Instagram and Facebook to share entertaining parts and updates of one's life. As memories accumulate, these experiences can be difficult to manage and look back on with those who were a part of that experience with you. 

Tagging people to photos is a current method of pulling individuals into posts, but being able to reflect on past posts, or experiences, with these individuals is not a functionality that is readily available through this attachment. Content that is shared currently is very siloed and tied to an individual mostly. 

My mission for this project is to design an approach, via a mobile application, that creates a living movie experience that is accumulated over time in order to be reflected on with you and the friends that you share events/memories with. I aim to target young adults aged 18-22, college aged individuals, for there are lots of transitional changes and new experiences that occur during these years. The final design will be held within a mobile application to allow for convenience when wanting to reflect back on something where ever you are. The goal with the reflective experience of life events is to create positive moods via an app that grows with you. I aim to foster an environment where young adults are able to build a collection of memorable moments, a living movie experience, together to help nurture more positive moments. My final solution is an update to Apple Memories’ current ecosystem to create a more collaborative and tangible experience through creating my envisioned environment described.

Secondary Research

Goal: Understand memory recollection and effects of reminiscing.

In order to learn more about the space I would be working in, I evaluated several academic articles that were about memories and reminiscing. I wanted to research into why individuals reminisce when they do, what emotions are invoked when looking back at memories, how and why experiences/moments are shared, and what results from looking back.

This research helped me understand what has been done to learn how individuals use the past during the present, what techniques best result in most memory recollection, and why individuals decide to share certain events with others.
The research was able to be categorized into three main categories: How the Brain Forgets and Remembers, Value of Sharing Experiences, and Effects of Sharing Moments with Others Publicly.

Comparative Analysis

Goal: Evaluate existing resources that are used to review and share past experiences with others in order to determine improved upon in a new platform.

In order to understand what is currently out there in the field being user by my user group with relation to helping collect memories, I conducted a comparative analysis. Getting a look at different techniques and features that are being used by similar applications will help bring to mind items to further evaluate for my design. During my comparative analysis I did a quick overview of the description and usage of the app itself. My focus was on getting information on the features that are provided to help create a story/timeline to look back to that helps with recalling that moment move vividly.

Reviewed these applications:

Momento

Day One

1 Second Everyday

Reminisce - Journal

Apple Photo Memory Album

Overview of Comparative Analysis

According to Pinola M. from Zapier, these types of apps have a few things in common (8 best journal apps of 2020). The best features within these apps include:
- Easy entry: If it takes more than a couple of clicks to add a journal entry, chances are a user is not going to do it.
- Pleasant Interface: A minimalistic, uncluttered interface helps the user focus on their thoughts and make journaling a pleasant experience.
- Reminders: Perhaps the biggest challenge to journaling is remembering to do it. Automatic reminders help the user keep up the habit.
- Exporting: Just in case the app stops being developed or the user wants to move to a different journaling platform, the user will want to be able to export the existing entries in a format that other programs can read.
- Syncing: Syncing will make sure the journal is up to date no matter what device the user is using.

With the goal of helping create an experience that focuses on a more vivid recollection of a memory, looking through these apps gives me some direction into what I need to help create a habit to capturing moments in people’s lives. Along with this, and I am better versed in the techniques used to collect and present the data that is provided to the user. 

Primary Research

Goals: 
- Learn about different ways of storing and sharing memories. 
- Understand why certain memories are treasured more than others.
- Assess if individuals like to create experiences with others.
- Define what reminiscing means.

Interviews

In order to try and achieve these goals, I interviewed nine individuals ranging from the ages of 20-23. There were two sets of interviews conducted. The first set was about the purpose behind reminiscing and the second set was about the purpose of sharing publicly and collecting memories.
In the set of questions regarding the purpose of reminiscing, I asked my participants to talk about what memories meant to them, how they are created, how they are accessed, and if involvement in a new experience with someone else made a difference in how that event was retained. In the following set of questions regarding the purpose of sharing memories publicly and collecting memories, I asked what the value of sharing events digitally was, when they would share an event online, and how they share experiences that are shared with others. 

From these interviews, I was able to collect similar themes or specific takeaways. 
FIRST INTERVIEW TAKEAWAYS
- Individuals prefer to do things with other people present.
- Creating memories carry a significant emotional weight to them.
- Memories are to be looked back on to grow as a person.
- Involvement in an experience with others makes that experience more memorable.
- Individuals enjoy looking back at previous memories.
- Most of these memories are collected digitally via photos or videos.
- Period of reminiscing is done about once a month.

SECOND INTERVIEW TAKEAWAYS
- Photos and videos of events are shared with those that were in that experience.
- These digitally captured experiences are usually posted online for others to see.
- There is value in sharing events publicly.Individuals like to be referenced for shared memories.
- There are experiences that should only be shared with certain people.
- Individuals like to look have captured events shared with each other if they did not get a chance to record it themselves.

Moving forward, I will be sketching and ideating on the takeaways that I found and competitive research that I conducted. These takeaways and quotes provide a lot of information that I can use to find gaps in some of the opinions presented. 

Some questions that arise after these interview are how I can better the reminiscing experience (remember events more vividly) via an application, how do I make reflecting less of a chore, and what can I do to create a community that wants to share authentic experiences?

Cultural Probe

To get more information on the ways that individuals partook in reminiscing and sharing events, I designed a cultural probe. I was in charge of the visual identity and the UX of the kits, which included thinking of users, their context, the clarity of the instructions, and the general insights that would be received. 

Participants would be given a box that contains the items listed in the components list below. The overall instructions include taking a picture of various events throughout the month with varying ways of providing attachments that would hopefully help with memory recollection at the end of the study. The purpose behind providing disposable cameras was to prevent the individuals from looking back at these events before the study was finished.

Components of Cultural Probe
- Disposable camera
- Notecards
- Pen
- Stickers
- Envelopes
- Participants without disposable camera as well

I wanted to get answers to the following questions. For all of these questions, I want to see how they influence memory retrieval. 
- What sources influence the need to capture moments? What events are captured?
- What types of moments are captured to be shared publicly vs privately?
- How are events categorized?What emotions are attached to moments that are captured and shared?
- How do attachments influence memory retrieval?
- What emotions are captured when looking back at events?
- Will encouragement in recording life create a change in habits? (Positive or negative)

BREAKDOWN OF PROBE
For the course of four weeks, individuals would take a picture of events that they find worthy of collecting. Additionally, each week would involve a different activity that would be a way to help the individual recall that event at the end of the study. This is also meant to help bring back more of a vivid recollection of the event that they captured. At the end of the probe, participants were invited to a session of debrief. This session consisted of questions that asked them to explain some of the moments that were captured with the hopes that some of the assumptions and questions that I had would be answered.

The instructions of the activity were given in the form of notecards. They are shown below.

Introduction to activity. Overview of instructions are broken down here.

Week one involved providing a short journal of the pictures that were taken.

Week four involved just taking pictures without providing any additional attachments. What was their method of choice?

Week three invovled a combination of both week one and week two.

Week two involved providing a short journal of the pictures that were taken.

Analysis of Probe

This probe provided lots of information. There were two significant findings from this study specifically. One was that confidence and categorization using stickers. One was that on week three, participants used the stickers to attach adjectives to the moments that they captured. This is significant because it gives the individual another method of bringing back that moment. It also allows for a more complete or vivid description of that moment upon review. The other finding that was significant, was that participants captured more events of themselves being social and of things that they enjoyed doing. This comes to connect some of the secondary research that was done in that mindfully capturing events creates a habit where an individual will want to create more meaningful events.

Research Summary

In researching what photography means to college aged students, I actually found that photography is shifting from a memory tool to a communication tool.
People in this group took photos to send to someone else or a group, to capture and share an experience with their social network, to create a note, or to capture something new that has happened.

“Even though photography may still capitalize on its primary function as a memory tool for documenting a person’s past, we are witnessing a significant shift, especially among the younger generation, toward using it as an instrument for interaction and peer bonding” (Rizhkov, 2016).

This interaction and peer bonding leads to much communication about the experience that was captured. This communication aspect, as I came to see, seemed to be a big part of how to create a collaborative storytelling environment in my final design.

After looking more into general reminiscing and general reflective apps, I also found that there is a lot of Psychology behind the way that memories are created and why photos are shared. I noticed that shared events usually lead to more vivid recollections. What is meant by this is that when you have a conversation about an event, it is remembered with more detail. I also found that collective or spontaneous reminiscing sparks positive emotion. Randomly being reminded of a past event from your camera roll sets one in a reflective mood that places that person in that event again.

Initial Sketching

Based on the research I have done, I have sketched out some initial thoughts of what to include in my final design. I wanted to think about how to present memories, how to provide a more vivid window to the past, and how collections of memories would be shared.

To encourage the user to journal, reminders will be set up.

Three people are here to collaborate in creating a collection.
Within each of the collection, there are a set of memories from that bundle. The collection is comprised of pictures and videos that a group can add to.

Each part of the collection can be attached to a reflection or narrative to provide a more vivid description of event when revisited.

In this sketch I wanted to show how collections of memories could be bundled up. This is supposed to mimic a journal that is grouped into separate sections.

One of the first things that comes to mind with the creation of this app is its ease of use when wanting to record a new entry. I wanted to make it simple to quickly post something to your journal. With this in mind, I sketched out some ways that the user could post something upon launching the application.

Sketches 1,2, and 4 display a concept where a user would be able to add an entry right upon launch of the application. Sketches 3 and 4 are ones that show a typical button that would allow a user to select to add to their memory journal. Finally, sketch 6.1 shows a concept where entries can be grouped into mini booklets depending on what is contained in each memory journal. Sketch 6.2 displays what the page would look like once inside of the mini booklet. 

The entries would contain either just a journal entry with text or it would contain a mixture of media. These entries would then be able to posted on a wall. Initially, the individuals that can see the wall are those that have shared memories/experiences with the user. The privacy settings for seeing and sharing would be taken care of in the settings for the application.

Scoping Down

After further analyzing my primary research, I realized that the aspect of reminiscing that brings back the most vivid recounts are those that are documented and shared. Instead of creating an entire memory database experience, I am going to focus on integrating a social journaling aspect to the already developed Apple Memories.

 UNDERSTANDING APPLE MEMORIES
To recap from comparative analysis, Apple Memories allows Apple users to rediscover moments from within their photo library. Apple Photos recognizes significant people, places, and events in the photo library, then presents them in curated collections called Memories. Users can also create their own Memories, view them as movies, and share them with friends   and family (How to use memories in photos on your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch 2020).

The current Memories experience is fairly siloed. The Memory albums are developed and created for the individual user. For example, beside sharing Memory album, there is no other form of sharing.

Although the Memory movie feature generates a comprehensive recollection of an event that can be interacted with, as seen through the research that has been done so far, adding a more personal touch via a small amount of writing or addition of reactions would help in facilitating a more complete recollection of that Memory.Being able to collaborate and interact using these Memories with other people will bring a more vivid recount of the experience while making it last longer as well. Further encouragement in collecting these memories would result in from the positive reinforcement that comes from sharing an experience with someone else.

INSPIRATION FROM APPLE NOTES APP
To look into how to add a form of collaboration into the Photo Memory feature, I investigated another app in the Apple family: Notes. With Notes, a user can capture a quick thought, create checklists, sketch ideas, and more (Use notes on your iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch 2021).In the Notes app, users can send a copy of a note to a friend. They can also invite people to collaborate on a note or on a folder of the notes via iCloud. When any changes are made the note, everyone that the note is shared with will be able to see it.

Apple social media. Buy photo books? Difference is that this is something that is not siloed to one person. Share a “tangible” moment that can be used to communicate and spark conversation.

According to Apple, the Photos App scans the user’s library to automatically create collections of photos and videos called Memories. Memories include photos and a movie, which is automatically edited to the user and set to music. Users are able to edit a Memory movie and send it to others. Individuals with Apple Photos can also make an album from an album. 

Sketches

With some of the rescoping that was done, I continued to sketch based on this narrowed view. Keeping in mind that this concept is integrated in the Apple ecosystem, I included aspects of this environment to make the sketches start to feel more familiar.

The initial For You page contains two main sections. One section is called Memories and the other section is called Featured Photos. Memories, as described before, is the created albums.

Featured photos are randomly selected images.In this sketch, I replaced the Featured Photos section with a Shared section. This sections would be the area where the user would go to view memories that they have decided to share with others.

With separating the For You and Shared sections, there needs to be a place for each. The sketch here shows Memories that are in the For You page. The Memories are categorized by year in the sketch, but this is not set. Understanding preferences in categorization is something that I need to look into.

Another concept for the For You page is shown here. This one contains three sections: Create, Memories, Look Back. The Create section would be an area where the individual would be able to reflect on single images or topics of their choice. It would act as a personal journal. The reasoning behind including this part here is to allow for the individual to personally reflect if they wanted. As seen through some of my research, although sharing conversation about a moment with others brings more positive emotions, individually reflecting can have its advantages as well. The Memories section is where the curated photo albums would be contained. The Look Back section would be where older Memories would be located. I was thinking that this section could also be an area that provides a wider overlook of events. It would kind of be like the yearly categorization from the previous sketch.

In these next three sketches, I ideated on how an individual would go about creating and sharing these Memory albums. Sketch 1 shows an album being created. I envision portraying a photo book when creating these albums to give it more of a tangible feeling. Here, individuals would be able to edit certain aspects of the photo book, memory, before sending it off. Sketch 2 shows the album being sent via iMessages. Sketch 3 displays those who have access to that Memory conversing about the moments in that Memory just like a group of people would edit a shared note from the Apple Notes app.

The previous sketch has the shared and personal recollections on the same tab in the navigation. To keep them separate, I added a Shared tab to the navigation.

Sketch Evaluation

Upon creation of the sketches, I decided to focus on creating a more specific flow of events so I could start creating a prototype. I decided not to test my initial sketches because I wanted to really embrace the iOS environment as best as I could via a digital format. By creating a digital prototype, I would be able to pull components from Apple’s design guidelines that would help me frame up my proposed design better. 

To start off, I decided to take an overview look at what my sketches displayed thus far. Currently, my sketches covered a wide array of topics: journaling, reminiscing, adding new UI elements, creating customizable albums, etc. There was too much being looked at. My initial goal was to create a more collaborative and tangible experience when creating memories using Apple Memories. Although the topics that I listed revolve around this initial goal, I settled on just looking into how individuals create a shared album that contains a shared experience, or a memory. From my research, the facilitation of communication about a certain event brings back a memory with more vivid details. Specifically focusing on how this communication aspect can be fostered to further flesh out a certain shared experience, is what I would be focusing my prototypes on. The design is based around collaboratively creating a photo book where individuals could create a more personal album.

The main components that I wanted to include in my design are listed below.

Album/Memory Screen
iOS photos page where the user can see the different albums that they have.

Create Memory
While on the Album or Memories screen, a user would be able to initiate the process of creating a photo book memory.

Customize Memory
User is able to organize the pages of their photo book in this stage. There would be multiple aspects that can be edited to fully customize the virtual “album” or book. Elements can be added to further bring certain photos to life.

Send Memory
Once the photo book is created, the user can share it with others to either view and/or collaborate.

View Memory
When the photo book is sent, recipients can view the memory. This memory is saved on the users iCloud, so they will be able to access it through there. 

Interact with Memory
When the photo book is opened, recipients are able to view the contents of the memory. This is where individuals can add comments or interactions to the elements of the album.

Making sure to further develop these main components will lead the user in recreating that specific memory by developing a story. 

Mid-Fidelity Prototype

Since I will be prototyping an addition/update to a native iOS application, I made sure to follow Apple’s design guidelines when creating my mid-fi. Shown below are the screens in the order that they would be interacted with. The pages and parts of the process that are new will be described further below the image of the prototype.

Albums | Creation
Albums
Memory | Start
Albums | Name New Memory
Home

Creating a memory starts off with the user being able select a certain style or frame for the memory photo book that they will be creating. 

When creating a new album, the user gets the option to create a Memory. The option that this replaces is New Folder. Of the features used when creating albums, creating a folder was least used.
Memories in iOS are automatically created thus giving the user very little to edit themselves. By giving complete control in how a memory is created, the user has more interaction with the way that they remember certain events.

Albums | Creation
Memory Start
Memory | Photo Selection
Memory | Photo Placement
Memory | Photo Selection

Upon selecting the photos, the user will be able to place the photos on the photo book. Organizing the photo book how the user wants will allow them to create sections within pages that have similar content or tell a story.

Memory | Photo Placement

Next step would be to select the photos that are going to be placed in the photo book. These photos would be accessed from the user’s photo library.

Memory | Share
Memory | Sticker PLacement
Memory | Sticker Placement
Memory | Share

Finally, when the memory photo book is ready to be sent, users will select who they want to share the memory with. Those that get the memory shared will be able to access and edit the memory photo book.

To add some creative components to the photo book, individuals can place “stickers” onto the pages. “Stickers” are text boxes, emojis, and other illustrated or animated items.

Memory | View Photo
Memory | Overview
Memory | Comment
Memory | Overview

When opening the memory that is sent, it will be presented as an overview of the information, metadata, that the images contain. This metadata would include location, date, recognized people, etc. Individuals can flip through the photo book to view, edit, and interact with the memory.

Memory | View Photo

Photos can be clicked throughout the memory photo book to download the image. Clicking on a photo also enlarges it to get more detail.

Another collaboration aspect that plays in specific memory retrieval is the aspect of commenting on photos. This facilitates communication and helps add more details to a specific photo to provide more vivid recollections of it.

Memory | Comment

Mid-Fidelity Testing

With the mid-fidelity prototype finished, feedback was needed for evaluation of the design thus far. Going into this testing session, my main goals were to get a better understanding of the purpose and flow of the design from a user’s perspective.

Questions that were asked included, “Describe some of the emotions that come to mind when going through this process”, “What parts of the design are consistent and which ones are not?”, and “When would you see yourself using this feature?”.

Analysis of Testing

While testing the Mid-Fidelity prototype the participants pointed out a couple of the same items. The different items included clarification of certain aspects, how security measures are placed in the system, and what the different purposes of the design were? 

QUOTES FROM TESTING SESSION
- “How does a user delegate edit access? What if I want to send to someone to view?”
- “Personally, feature would be used more for special events, such as mothers day or anniversary.”
- “Feature name is a bit confusing. Is it called a Memory, a Photo Book, an Album, etc.?”
- “Feature does facilitate communication that would otherwise be missed by just sharing an album of photos. For example, I could just give a set of photos to my girlfriend for our anniversary, or I could make something using those photos which would have more meaning.”
- “Customization helps bring the memories to life.”

A particular part that needed more clarification was the naming of the new feature I was proposing. During the testing sessions, I mentioned the keywords Memory, Photo book, and Album. Making sure that these terms were clear throughout the design is important so that the new feature is distinguished from what is already currently made. Memories is the place where individuals could make new Photo Books. Albums are the non interactive and collaborative version of a Photo Book. 

In terms of security, the main question was how images added to the Photo Book would be managed. A scenario where this might be important is if a picture is added that an individual that is included in the Photo Book does not want to include. What would that user do to remove that photo? The editing process after a Photo Book was created was not shown in too much detail because I was focused on the development of the Photo Book. I envisioned that before sending a Photo Book to someone that that individual would be able to give edit access to those who are a part of the Photo Book. Individuals with edit access would be able to edit all parts of Photo Book, which includes the addition and removal of images. The person who created the Photo Book would be the main admin who could revoke edit and sharing access. 

For the inquiry about the different uses of the design, I had to think about other scenarios where this would be applicable. What came to mind was a sort of gifting approach. For example, say it was Mother’s Day and you wanted to create an album that contained special pictures of yourself and your family. Using the Photo Book feature, you would be able to treat this as more of a gift instead of a place for conversation.

The part of this analysis that I moved forward with was the clarification of what was being created when using the Apple Memories new feature. This part was the one that I put the most importance in as it is the part that puts the individual looking to make a Photo Book in the mindset of recreating that certain memory through a storytelling and conversational format.

Final Design

With the feedback received from testing my initial feedback, I iterated what I had to create me final solution. Here, I will give a basic run-through of the outcome of my design. As a reminder, my design can be thought of as an update to the current system. Something to see in iOS 15. The outcome of my design is essentially a feature that lets the users create a photo book that contains the moments that are shared with a certain group. 

Skylar will be brought back here to help lead the run-through. The screens are numbered in the order that they would be encountered. To start off, Skylar will select to create a photo book. The difference between the photo book and an album is the interactive and customizable component.

Memories Tab
Create Photo Book Click
iOS Home Page
Name Photo Book

Once the photo book is started, Skylar is prompted to start customizing the photo book. First, she has the frame, or basic style to create. Then she can select the photos that she wants to include. Once the photos are selected, she can organize them in the photo book however she’d like. Here is where resizing and movement of the photos would take place.

Select Photos
Add Photos
Choose Frame
Initial Photo Book Screen
Selected Photos
Photo Placement
Photo Organization

Next, stickers can be added. Stickers here signify text boxes, emojis, or other components that are offered when using the Apple Keyboard. Inserting a text box, for example, allows Skylar to add a title to the page. Each page can signify a certain part of the trip; slowly building up the complete story.

Stickers Search
Text Box Selection
Text Box Placement
Overview of Photo Book

When opening the photo book album, meta data from the photos will be collected to further describe the memory. This includes the people in the photos, locations, etc. 

Upon going through the photos, individuals can go in and react or comment on specific photos. This is where more moments can spark conversations that eventually lead to better recollection of that moment.

Photo Book Send Screen
Photo Book Messaging
Photo Book Sent

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Viewing Photo Book (I)
Viewing Photo Book (II)
Viewing Specific Image in Photo Book
Adding Comment to Image

With this new update to Apple Memories, Skylar is now able to create a collaborative memory album that will facilitate storytelling through different momentos that are added to the photo book.

Individuals have full access to how the photo book is created. The different pieces of information that can be added to the photo book are stickers, conversations, or comments to more vividly bring back that moment. Allowing this interactive and collaborative experience allows for Skylar and her friends to have deeper conversation with attachments which leads to more personal storytelling that curates a better recollection of that memory.

Memories Tab with New Photo Book

Reflection

Looking at where my project ended up, I am pretty content. One of the reasons that I felt content with what I created is that I can see something like this being added to the iOS ecosystem. A big competitor, Google Photos, has similar technology and would not be surprised if something like what I designed is implemented. An interesting addition to my implementation would be to actually have the ability to order a physical copy, from Apple, of the photo book that was created. Another item that I would have interest in looking more into is how I could translate this photo book update to a video format. Apple Memories has the ability to create a short video of photos located in a certain Memory. These videos are made in a sort of slideshow format. Looking into how individuals can have more of an interactive and collaborative approach to these videos interests me as well. 

When it comes to seeing what I learned throughout this individual semester long project, I would have to say that I learned two main things. One of those things is knowing that creating from scratch is not always the route to take. Initially, creating a completely new product was the mindset that I was in. After learning more about my research space and getting mentorship from my peers, I was able to find an area to dive into in an already developed system. Taking this route does not necessarily mean less work as I had to work around making the solution fit into that system’s ecosystem. The other important takeaway that I took from creating my solution is that research does not necessarily mean doing literature reviews or conducting interviews. Research is done throughout the whole creation of the design. Taking time to further analyze and connect the pieces of research together throughout the process is what helps develop the final solution. Overall, having done this project completely on my own has taught me a lot about the ways that I work, what my strengths are, and what I have to improve upon.

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